Venezuela has long been identified as an area with large methane emissions and intensive oil exploitation, especially in the Lake Maracaibo region, but production has strongly decreased in recent years. The area is notoriously difficult to observe from space due to its complex topography and persistent cloud cover. We use the unprecedented coverage of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) methane observations in analytical inversions with the Integrated Methane Inversion (IMI) framework at the national scale and at the local scale with the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem). In the IMI analysis, we find Venezuelan emissions of 7.5 (5.7-9.3) Tg a-1 in 2019, where about half of emissions can be informed by TROPOMI observations, and emissions from oil exploitation are a factor of ∼ 1.6 higher than in bottom-up inventories. Using WRF, we find emissions of 1.2 (1.0-1.5) Tg a-1 from the Lake Maracaibo area in 2019, close to bottom-up estimates. Our WRF estimate is ∼ 40 % lower than the result over the same region from the IMI due to differences in the meteorology used by the two models. We find only a small, non-significant trend in emissions between 2018 and 2020 around the lake, implying the area’s methane emission intensity expressed against oil and gas production has doubled over the time period, to ∼ 20 %. This value is much higher than what has previously been found for other oil and gas production regions and indicates that there could be large emissions from abandoned infrastructure.
